A Comprehensive Guide to Plug-in Hybrids
What Is A Plug-in Hybrid Car?
A plug-in hybrid car is similar to a conventional hybrid vehicle—both use a gasoline engine as well as an electric motor. However, a plug-in hybrid uses larger battery packs that can be recharged by connecting to common household electricity. Plug-in hybrids can be driven for long distances—from a few miles to as much as 40 miles—without using any gasoline.
Toyota has demonstrated a plug-in concept version of the Prius, and anticipates first-year production of 20,000 to 30,000 units in 2012.
Contents
Plug-in hybrids provide the benefits of an electric car, while maintaining the same driving range as conventional vehicles. Plug-in hybrid drivers travel in an all-electric mode for the vast majority of common local driving. When the battery’s electric charge is depleted, a downsized gas engine is used to either recharge the batteries (as the car moves), or as the primary source of propulsion until recharging the batteries via a plug.
Plug-in hybrid cars are also known as plug-in hybrid electric vehicles or PHEVs. Plug-in hybrid cars that use a gas engine exclusively for recharging batteries—rather than directly powering the wheels—are also called Extended-Range Electric Vehicles or E-REVs.
ComparisonCompare a Plug-in Hybrid to Standard Hybrid
Point your mouse to the image to compare a plug-in hybrid to a standard hybrid.
Plug-in hybrid cars have considerable fuel efficiency benefits compared to other vehicles:
- A hybrid car, depending on the model, achieves about twice the fuel economy as a conventional car of the same size and capacity
- A plug-in hybrid car can obtain about twice the fuel economy of a conventional hybrid
- A plug-in hybrid, running on biofuel (e.g., 85-percent ethanol or biodiesel) could almost entirely eliminate its use of petroleum
Availability of Plug-in Hybrids
Despite all the media attention about plug-in hybrids, it’s still not yet possible for an individual consumer to buy one. A few plug-in hybrids have been produced for testing in commercial fleets and government agencies. Many major automakers have produced concept prototype plug-in hybrids for display at international auto shows, but only a handful of carmakers have committed to a specific production date for these vehicles.
The following plug-in hybrids are scheduled for production:
| Sort by: | Name | EV Range | Type | MSRP | Available | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| VentureOne | 20 miles | Coupe | $18,000 | 2009 | The exhilaration of a fast motorcycle, the safety and comfort of a commuter car, and the fuel efficiency of advanced automotive technologies. | |
| Fisker Karma | 50 miles | Luxury | $87,000 | 2010 | The rear-wheel drive sporty plug-in hybrid from designer Henrik Fisker. | |
| Chevrolet Volt | 40 miles | Sedan | $40,000 | 2010 | All-electric gas-free driving for 40-mile stretches. | |
| GM Plug-in Crossover SUV | 10 miles | SUV | n/a | 2011 | GM's plug-in hybrid SUV was a Saturn, then a Buick, now probably a Chevy. | |
| Ford Escape Plug-in Hybrid | 30 miles | SUV | n/a | 2012 | The proven fuel-efficient SUV hybrid will come with a plug in 2012. | |
| Volvo V70 Plug-in Hybrid | 30 miles | Van | n/a | 2012 | Volvo appears serious about producing a plug-in hybrid wagon with 30 or miles of electric range. | |
| Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid | 10 miles | Sedan | n/a | 2012 | In 2012, Toyota will begin offering a Prius with plug-in capabilities. | |
| Cadillac Converj | 40 miles | Sedan | n/a | Concept | An angular, sleek, luxury concept version of the Chevrolet Volt. | |
| Mitsubishi PX-MiEV | 30 miles | SUV | n/a | Concept | This mid-sized SUV plug-in hybrid has triple-threat functionality as a pure electric, a series hybrid, and a parallel hybrid. Result: About 120 mpg. |
Common Plug-in Hybrid Criticisms, And Responses
“I have always felt it was possible to build a car that gets more than 100 miles per gallon. It’s what this country needs: To build a car with high performance and all the fun factors of a conventional car, but have it run on electricity.”
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The extra batteries weigh too much.
Response: The extra weight of the batteries will be offset somewhat by the reduced weight of the gas engine. At high speeds in particular, fuel efficiency is affected primarily by aerodynamics—the MPG is minimally affected by the added weight roughly equivalent of one or two additional passengers.
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The extra batteries cost too much.
Response: If sold in high volumes by carmakers, more powerful and cheaper nickel metal hydride or lithium ion batteries could be sold at prices only a few thousand dollars above that of today’s hybrids. Recharging will take place mostly at night during cheaper off-peak hours. Counting purchases, fuel and service, total lifetime cost of ownership is lower than a gas car.
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Producing power from the grid (to charge the cars) will produce additional emissions.
Response: What the industry calls "well-to-wheel" emissions (including greenhouse gases) for grid-powered vehicles is far lower than gasoline, even for the American power grid (which is 50 percent coal). Cars charging off-peak will use power from plants that can't turn off at night. Many parts of the country get most of their power from cleaner sources such as natural gas and hydropower. It's far easier to improve centralized power stations than millions of aging cars. Finally, plug-in hybrids recharged from rooftop photovoltaic systems would have virtually zero emission.
Plug-in Hybrid Conversions
In 2004, the California Cars Initiative, a Palo Alto-based non-profit founded by Felix Kramer (second from left), and led by Technical Lead Ron Gremban (far left), converted a 2004 Toyota Prius into plug-in hybrid prototype that could exceed 100 miles per gallon. Since that time, CalCars has conducted an effective advocacy campaign to promote the benefits of plug-in hybrid electric cars to carmakers, lawmakers, and the general public.
Since the time of the first plug-in conversion prototype, more than a dozen companies started offering PHEV conversions. Like any heavily modified car, the conversions are expensive, can have reliability issues, and have not been crash-tested in their modified form. But their owners enjoy exceptionally high gas mileage, greater all-electric range, and the privilege of being automotive pioneers.
Most of today’s plug-in conversions start with a stock, late-model (2004-2008) Toyota Prius. Larger battery packs are added, either supplementing the existing battery or replacing it entirely.
The list of companies offering plug-in conversions, kits, or related services is growing everyday. Many are focused on building vehicles for government agencies and other fleets, but some are now taking orders. We'll continue to add to this list as learn about new companies. Send us a note, if you hear of a new conversion company, and we'll add it to the list. You can also check with CalCars.org's page about "How to Get a PHEV." Because the sand is shifting so quickly, you'll need to do your own legwork in terms of getting an exact price, turnaround time, and technical specs.
List of Companies Offering Plug-in Conversion Services
- 3Prong Power, Inc. (Berkeley, Calif.)
- Advanced Vehicle Research Center (Raleigh, N.C.)
- Amberjac Systems (UK)
- Edrive Systems (Calif.)
- Electric Auto Association-PHEV Project (San Jose, Calif.)
- EnergyCS (Calif.)
- HybridsPlus (Boulder, Colo.)
- Hymotion (Concord, Ontario, Canada)
- Manzanita Micro (Kingston, Wash.)
- OEM Tek (Milpitas, Calif.)
- Luscious Garage (San Francisco, Calif.)
- Pat's Garage/Green Gears (San Francisco, Calif.)
- Plug-in Conversions (Poway, Calif.)
- Plug-in Supply (Petaluma, Calif.)
Plug-in Hybrid Battery Types
Not all plug-in hybrid conversions are equal. The batteries make all the difference. Lithium ion batteries cost the most, but deliver the longest all-electric range. Lead-acid are more affordable, but cut down the electric range. And nickel-metal hydride are in the middle of the scale on cost and energy storage.
Today, there are a few hundred plug-ins on the road in North America, and a few more are built each month. It's instructive to take a look the wide range of performance in plug-in conversions. Why is there such a range among companies offering conversion services and kits? It's the batteries.
- Current Prius-based converted plug-in hybrids store between two and seven times the energy stored in a standard Prius battery. Overall, Prius-based plug-ins average between 65 and 95 miles per gallon.
The more energy in the battery pack, the further the vehicle can go in all electric-mode, and the longer it can “boost” MPG. Storing more energy isn’t just a matter of putting in a bigger battery—the type of battery that’s used also matters.
Modest Energy with Lead-Acid Batteries: On one end of the spectrum are Prius-based plug-in conversions that store modest amounts of energy on-board: roughly 2-3 kilowatt hours (kWh). The main advantage of lead-acid technology is that it’s affordable. It’s also reasonably safe and has proven performance. But lead-acid batteries don’t last as long as some other types of batteries. They also store less energy, so larger heavier packs must be used.
Lots of Energy with Lithium Ion Batteries: At the other end of the spectrum are Prius-based conversions, which have large amounts of on-board energy—as much as 9 kWh. These PHEVs use lithium ion batteries because they deliver lots of energy in a smaller, lighter package. This amount of extra energy allows a PHEV to drive in all-electric mode for 25-30 miles, and attain “boosted” mileage for longer distances of 40-50 miles. The downside is cost. In some of these conversions, the battery pack alone costs more than $10,000. Safety and battery life are also a concern.
Mid-range Energy with Nickel Metal Hydride Batters: In the middle are PHEVs with moderate amounts of on-board energy—around 4-5 kWh. Some of these vehicles combine additional nickel-metal hydride batteries (NiMH) with the existing NiMH battery pack in the Prius. Performance, lifetime, and safety characteristics of NiMH batteries are well understood. However, NiMH batteries generally store less energy than lithium ion batteries.
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1 year ago
I have been looking for the safety information. Where can I find crash test results for both hybrid and plug-ins. I hope this isn't a stupid question but where I live it gets below -30 will the batteries freeze or is there a heater core for them and how is there driving in the cold.
1 year ago
can anyone speculate how much plugging in your car every night would raise your electric bill?
1 year ago
I have a Vectrix electric maxi-scooter and a Hymotion Prius Plug-In.
My electric bill rose about 15% to 20% when I started using both this summer. You could offset most of that by switching all of your lightbulbs to CFLs and a few other energy efficiency tips around the house.
My next project is a solar system on the roof.
1 year ago
Why aren't we hearing more about technologies such as ultracapacitors http://thefraserdomain.typepad.com/energy/2006/01/eestor_ultracap.html
and advanced controllers
http://www.rasertech.com/technology.html
1 year ago
I have a 2006 Ford Escape Hybrid and would like to know if there are any plug in add ons I can use to get my Ford out of the garage running on electric instead of starting with the gas and switching over after some drive time?
Thank you for any help or suggestions.
1 year ago
I hate that the new standard for car-end electric plugs look like gas pump handles (it's probably more expensive to make and buy than just a regular existing plug end, too).
Still, whatever makes it easier for lazy Americans to transition off of the last (20th) century equivalent of farting eat everything sight horses (that why I call liquid/gas fuel vehicles "gassers").
1 year ago
Plug-in cars getting power from a coal plant seems to defeat the reason for a clean-air vehicle. If the power plants get the majority of their output from wind, solar,water etc... then there is a greater reason to purchase plug-ins. However, not everyone can afford these "new" technologies so the government could offer more incentive packaging or help manufactures meet cost reduction goals to ensure that everyone can move into the cleaner future. For those that like the plug-in but hate the mileage range they will need to offer some more competitive products. I drive 43 miles one way to work and there is no place to plug in at work. The problem I would have is 43 miles one way and I have to begin worrying about if I can make a stop and the store on the way home. That's not convenient so I have chosen the next best alternative, a Civic hybrid. Still dependent on gas and not a clean as I would like, but I can take it anywhere and I don't have to buy 2 vehicles (one for work and one for pleasure trips). I think that there are great minds out there that have the answers or are on the verge of something better (the water car), but the government is not helping to "fuel" those ideas. I hope this next 4 yrs proves otherwise.
1 year ago
There are other benefits of plug-in hybrids that don't seem to get much publicity. In the electrical power engineering community there is a lot of talk about the "smart grid," which has to do with changes needed to the power distribution system to support expected renewable technologies like wind and solar power.
One problem they have to deal with is the irregularity of these sources, and the need to have a solid base load supply system. One way to accomplish this is to use batteries, but batteries are expensive. With plug-in hybrids, if the system were sophisticated enough then the connection to your car could be a two-way setup so that you are either charging your battery after a drive or are providing temporary energy capacity to the grid if the wind isn't blowing quite enough. This would go along with other demand and supply management functiosn like power company control of your refrigerator or A/C that are already available in some communities.
It's a complicated topic, but plug-in hybrids are included in the serious planning discussions for future electrical distribution systems.
1 year ago
I hear a lot about how expensive the batteries for these plug-in auto's are. All you have to do is look at the history of any emerging technology and you'll see that initial cost means nothing. As these products become more popular, we as a human race, will find ways to make the technology more economically viable. Computers were originally 10's of thousands of dollars and the size of a desk or larger. Now you can get handheld computers for a couple hundred dollars (iPhone). I paid $6,000 for a 46" rear projection TV back in the early 90's, now you can get a 52" or larger flatscreen TV that hangs on your wall for right around $1,000.00. So as inflation has gone up, the prices of electronics have gone down. We need to stop trying to find reasons why it won't work, and make the decision to move forward with these technologies. The rest will take care of themselves. It's common sense that we will invent batteries that run 500+ miles on a single chanrge and are significantly less expensive as the technology is more widely accepted.
1 year ago
They just don't pencil. The dealers extract all the benefit via additional dealer markup.
1 year ago
Recently I read about a couple of guys in England who adapted a Capstone Turbine C30 to a Ford vehicle with lithium batteries on a "charge as you go" system. They got some very nice mileage results, I believe it was 100 plus mpg. Might be worth checking out.
1 year ago
Ultra-Capacitors may be an answer. no chemicals, don't wear out, charge as fast as you can supply power, may be really cheap to produce.
51 weeks ago
Dear Melanie,
I sell the Ford products and I think you should take a look at the Ford Fusion and the Ford Escape Hybrids.
I think when you do your research on them, you will see that these two are the best for your money, and cars you will keep forever ...
Good Luck !
Ray
49 weeks ago
The utility company in my area will let a person buy electricity for 1/2 price from 9pm to 8am and all weekend. Maybe yours would have this option. Charge your vehicles at night.
48 weeks ago
A standard electrical outlet puts out enough power to run a 1 horsepower motor maximum. With losses of about half in the battery and speed controller it would take 2 hours of charge for each hour of 1 horsepower output. I think most cars would need more.
Why not just become a vegetarian, run a tube to your ass and burn methane?
47 weeks ago
Forget plug-ins......Let's have cordless electromagnetic induction charging ! ! !
What if you're in a hurry and forget to unplug?
You've just damaged and destroyed your extension cord and wall outlet.
We need an electromagnetic coil mat......which you simply lay on the ground......parking lots, your driveway or parking garage, and etc. As soon as you park your car directly over the induction coil mat, some kind of sensor would automatically activate the coil and begin charging. A secondary coil located underneath your methanol fuel cell / electric battery / ultracapacitor hybrid would intercept the occillating magnetic field and charge the batteries.
46 weeks ago
I have had the Prius III since late august.
Everything is better than in the II-model except that the Joy-stick has been replaced by a traditional gear shift. And this takes up room. Why?
39 weeks ago
This is outstanding! We love it. And you!
36 weeks ago
the obvious answer for detractors is DON'T GET YOUR ELECTRICITY FOR COAL...the solution seems simple enough...if you don't live in a state which offers 100% renewable energy solution or has a renewable energy portfolio...ie. MS, AL, or states with major coal cos, such as southern co. in GA where in Atlanta the commuter lane where you only need two people is always deserted as EVERYBODY in Atlanta cannot stand each other and have to drive their own bloatmobiles and why there is 24 hr. traffic jam...what a great quality of life...you will face a major headwind....since their money is paying off state legislatures to NOT change....however, the fed. govt. will force these laggards to join the rest of us in the 21st century...therefore, your energy will be 100% green..we also need to end mountaintop removal for coal and stop allowing lies such as "clean coal" to even be allowed to be advertised since this is a lie....you could, at one point, find some elec. charging stations in a few places in the south, i.e. two discreet chargers in birmingham in the galleria mall....but the elec car market never took off...and politicians weren't getting enough kickbacks to support it....if we didn't support sprawl so much in this country, then 50 mile elec car would be adequate...since job situation sucks and people have to commute fifty miles, we need bigger cars...it is unsustainable cycle....which has now come to abrupt halt.....Obama needs to actually do something "progressive" for once...stop this nonsense about needing 60 votes to pass a bill, etc without threat of filibuster...it is not in the constitution...according to another article, since Obama took office, GOP filibuster 70% of time just to stop things from gettin done, compared to 27% after dems won majority of congress...GOP party of do nothing.....Obama: just get something done...for once....you were voted in by a broad coalition of people trying to do something good for once...not the GOP...not centrists...not blue dog dems putting a bunch of CR*( in the current health care incarnation just to favor a tiny group of their constituents....not by insurance companies....not by defense contractors....I have to agree now w/repubs and everyone else, the current bill is a farce, the copenhagen non binding handshake "agreement" is an atrocity....Obama is now approaching being lumped in with bushies as another two faced liar.....
32 weeks ago
Hello! My name is Michael Anthony Puntillo of Norwich,Connecticut
USA. There is no need to worry about the battery in all the electric
vehicles that are being built. The winning factor is no fuel to buy,
no tune-up's,no oil changes & air filters plus no transmission ,just think about it. We
need to have this type of transportion. Now with a few things
to add in the new electric vehices are all lamps for lighting inside
and out place L.E.D. and include in with them solar chips; When
they are lit they will make electricity also geer the generators
to the electric motor. Place a wind electric produceing generator
in the front of it, when traveling the wind hits the front of all move things so lets use it to turn the wind generator for keeping the battery charged. Also the brake generating system will help apond stops to keep the battery peaked too. Solar electric cells placed on hood and truck. I would like it built in a converitble.
"BLESS THEM ALL".
31 weeks ago
Place this public . Hope the auto makers get there act together soon.
Just build the electric car and sell them . Geering the generators with
the electric motor will work. Placeing the wind electric produceing
generator in the front of the vehicle will help the battery along to run
the motor. "Bless them all" .
27 weeks ago
this was helpful
20 weeks ago
why hasn't someone thought about putting a small charger on each
wheel to help keep batteries charged while moving, or a small eng-
ine in the veh that uses less gasoline than the conventional engine.
several componets that i have read about could be installed to work
in conjuction with each other, & keep our cars running right on down the hwy. with out being limited on just how far we can drive
between, (charges). IF WE AS MANKIND CAN PUT A SELFSUFICENT
MARS MOBILE on the planet of mars ( where I'm sure there are no
plug in stations handy) why can't we do this little task here on earth
after all We don't need to bother with getting all them miles just to
perform it's duties. We are already here. I ALSO WORRY ABOUT WHATS GOING TO HAPPEN TO THIS COUNTRY IF WE DON'T CUT
OUR OIL DEPENDANCE FROM THESE OTHER COUNTRIES. They have proved more than a few times of how much they can do to us
I also think just because the Elections are over, our elected leaders
should keep on pushing for all the promises they made to get elected. I remember the oil embargo 1973 or abouts that we were
prmised oil dependancy would be cut. BAAAAAAH, it's higher now
than then. If we would start kicking their butts out if they didn't do
as they promised, We could probaly have a lot of good things get
accomplished. That is up to us AMERICANS. Those people work for
us. They would fire us if we didn't our jobs right.
16 weeks ago
I would like to know why a generator couldn't be installed over each wheel to continually charge the batteries. This seems like a very good idea to me.
16 weeks ago
This website really like helped me with my school reasearch on like cars.
16 weeks ago
hello , goodbye =)
15 weeks ago
You all do realise that "hybrid cars" are a stalling measure, car componeys had imposed on you via oil componeys including moble and castrol solely to provent electric cars from killing there bussines? This measure started way back in 1993 Yes almost 20 years ago. If you don't know this, why? Do your own research, ask the right independent people, engineers, scientist, eletric car owners. :)
I do get alot of enjoyment seeing all the supleminal messages all over THIS website,.. the word "convenience", there is no car more convenient then an eletric-car, unless your driving 24 hours perday(taxi's driver searching cars?) You need 8 hours sleep?
15 weeks ago
Is there a plug-in module for a Honda Civic Hybrid out there? If not, why not? I might have to sell my Civic Hybrid and get a used Prius so I can take advantage of this technology. I drive 120 miles a day, 5 days a week.
12 weeks ago
This is a totally ridiculous white elephant.
A car that does not need to use London's over stretched charge point network.
I have an electric car. When it runs out of charge I am stranded. If I cannot plug my car in because a hybrid is using all the charge points then I am stuck.
If the hybrid's batteries are flat, just turn the key and off you go.
I think the London boroughs should stick to the 'ELECTRIC VEHICLES ONLY' policy for the charge points for which hybrids do not qualify.
12 weeks ago
Costs about 50p for me to charge my gwiz
11 weeks ago
Is there a gizmo that can send the power from PHEV into the house? This kind of vehicle is the solution for all the brown outs and blackouts in so many countries and would change completely the old overly centralised utility model that we rely upon. And obviaite the use of dirty oh so noisy diesel gensets costing $40+/-/kw installed and producing at $0.50/kwh that most homes in Asia and Africa rely on because the local power company is bad.. Think ever city in India or Nigeria.
Imagine this: car comes home in the evening with fully charged battery and is connected to the house via said gizmo The house circuit feeds off the battery that is re-charged by the engine kicking in automatically. Cuts off if and whn the grid power is available.
You then get the savings stream from home as awell as car use!
Suggestions please!
10 weeks ago
why can't you put a curved solar panel for the roof of a vehicle and power the batteries while it sits or drives? (plug in at night)
9 weeks ago
I saw a clearly factory plug-in Prius about a week ago in Henderson, Nevada. It had California plates. Is Toyota selling them?
9 weeks ago
iam searching for the information about the working of the hybrid cars
6 weeks ago
You really need to read up on your basic laws. Start at the start...
Vaguely - The energy required to move forward and to turn the wheels ( now kinetic energy ) all comes from your power source( potential energy). If you then use this "energy" to recharge your batteries via either a wind generator ( thus also adding drag into the equation ) or direct off the wheels with friction losses , you are just cycling the energy back ( less the efficiency losses of >20% ) with no useful work being done ... Regenerative braking can be used to recover some of the kinetic energy that is otherwise lost to braking, but the saving are not big - mostly 10-20% .
4 weeks ago
Electric vehicle owners will influence an extensive network of charging stations being installed in Madison, Wisconsin by MGE. In a story produced by StoryBridge.tv, see how MGE will use driver input to configure its power grid for a new wave of green transportation.
We hope you’ll consider sharing this video story. Here’s the link: www.storybridge.tv/greenview/drivechange
You also can embed the video on your site free of charge. Just follow the instructions found here: http://storybridge.tv/greenview/drivechange?cmode=embed
3 weeks ago
Hello all.
I have a question that bothers me a lot. We are talking about hybrid being the medicine (band-aid) for our rediculously large oil consumption in this country. What ever happened to cars like the Honda Civic VX or the Geo Metro which were already getting 50+ miles per gallons more than 20 years ago? If these were getting that kind of gas mileage then, can you imagine what we would get out of them with better technology or maybe even an hybrid concept for these cars?
If the car companies are reading this page get to work on this kind of concept. You did it then with the VX and Metro so I imaging that you would be able to improve upon the concept. I am looking for a vehicle that can do better then 35 mpg without hybrid system or above 60 if you include hybrid. We can send guys on the moon, not once but 6 times, we can do better. Let's show the world what this country can do for them(remember JFK speech).
Thank you for your time.
Denis R. from Rochester NY.
2 weeks ago
this country is bilt on greed the good old boys in washington do not want to give the people a break their hands are deep in the oil companeis pockets .If you ever saw the documenterie on who killed the electric car you would understand.Toyota should be ashane that they have the prius only 50 miles on electric on a hybrid and a california cars Initiative produced an electric car that can go 100 miles and the japanes are good in electronic whos holding then back? Remember they were the first oness to invent the walkmen.Look out for the chinese they will be introducing an all electric car into the U.S market that can go 100 miles and they are working on another car that can go 200 miles before charging.So why don't american car companys do it it's called GREED backed by most of the GOP & some DEMS this is why we don't have a lot of clean energy GREED
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