compressed air car

it was so nice to read about compresed air car.i would like to make many people know about this and i want to do a technical paper on this topic .i need your guidence for doing that technical paper on compressed air car,so please give me some model papers on compressed air car..it would be very helpful for me. thanking you.

It's not polution free, it just relocates the polution from the tailpipe of the car to the coil and oil burning power plants. Those power plants burn coal and oil to make electricity which powers the air compressor that puts the pressurized air in the car.

As long as all your power plants are very far away from your most heavily poluted areas, the net effect is a more broad distribution of polution rather than having it highly concentrated in a handful of large cities.

The original article claims "Gas stations equipped with special air pumps can replenish the tanks in about three minutes" (to 4500 psi).

Almost everybody who is familiar with compressing air, such as SCBA or SCUBA users, know the hazards of filling an air tank too fast. It's the same thing that makes a diesel engine's fuel-air mix ignite: Fast compression generates heat. (Can you say "adiabatic"?)

There's got to be some pretty heroic heat-exchangers associated with that fast a compression to that high a pressure. Anything less will set things on fire and melt plastic, among other things.

I INVENTED A CAR THAT RUNS OFF AIR
BUT YOU DONT NEED TO CHARGE THE
CAR THE CAR RUNS OFF IT SELF
I CAME UP WIYH THIS IDEA IN
1998
IF YOU WANT TO MAKE YOUR CARS BETTER
GIVE ME A E-MAIL
MY CAR IS THE BEST WAY TO GO
YOUR CAR IS GOOD TO BUT ITS TO MUCH
WORK FOR ME.

forget trying photosmith - my old aunt never understood WHY we couldn't *just* put little windmills all over cars to take that wind energy & use it!

she even wrote letters to ALL of the big three manufacturers!

i wish i kept a copy of at least one of them. the writers back then answering her sure were good at diplomatic ways of telling my aunt she didn't have a clew!

see ya

you mean no energy in, but it provides energy out?

what's the method of getting more compressed air into the car?

there HAS to be some energy input.

does the passenger peddle?

see ya

Mac Truck has a hybrid design for their big diesel trucks they are working on. It compresses air with the airbrakes into a storage tank. When the truck starts to accelerate, the engine runs on air until the air runs out, then it runs on diesel fuel. Economy gains for trucks will probably be a relatively small percentage, because trucks spend alot of time cruising on highways, but the dollar savings still will be substantial. For many trucking companies, fuel is the second highest cost after labor.

CNN, March 30, 2005: Car that runs on compressed air

A Korean company has created a car engine that runs on air.

The engine, which powers a pneumatic-hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV), works alongside an electric motor to create the power source

http://edition.cnn.com/2005/TECH/03/30/spark.air.car/

Is it compresed air a cheaper way to store energy than hidrogen?.

hello people i have no knowledge of air driven engines or cars but i am very interested . if it is at all possible ,could you just direct me to a blueprint or something to download?

this is way closer to reality than hydrogen. There is already an electic infrastructure that almost everyone can access. (at night while demand is down). I only know of 1 hydrogen station in southern california.

Comments that this only relocates the pollution to power plants, while absolutely true, are just as true for all electic vehicles. The electricity can be made with green solar, hydro and wind however. Fossil fuel never can be made from renewable energy and most Hybrids sold today are 100% powered by fossil fuel. Sorry but them's the facts.

Did I mention that hydrogen production also requires electricity for electolisis?

I hope they can overcome the range issues with the air car. Range has been the death knell for most alternative vehicles

what about taking the flinstone idea and fusing it with the hydrogen idea. the peddling will power the electrolysis until the motor can get going. Like a moped?

or using all the energy waves given off by radioactive material. dumbing the energy down into usable current.COPYRIGHT 2005

The beauty with compressed air is that it can be generated directly from a windmill, no need to turn into electricity and then back again, so therefore lower losses.

I Think you are all lookin at it the wrong way remember the earth was flat once .

I'm interested in getting enough info together to see if it is feaseable to build a backyard hybrid as was done back in the 70's BUT using a diesel engine to run a compressor and a compressed air engine instead of an electric motor. Any ideas out there as plans or info that will actually translate into knowlege about construction? On the barge river thing. A friend of mine proposed using barges that would generated stored hydogen via electolisis by using the motion of the waves. sounds possible to me, tho compressed air woudl make more sense. also there is no need to charge the tanks rapidly if the tanks were interchangeable , out with the empty in with the full etc. I want one of those perpetual motion cars tho

In Regards to JD's Air Car design, I have a friend in Mexico that converted his Gas Car into a Air car as well. He drove it from San Luis Potosi mexico to Laredo, Mexico. My brother and myself saw it and we were amazed. The air exhaust is clean and cold. He uses that cold air for cool air inside the vehicle. He added a small air compressor to the side of the engine where his Air Conditioning unit used to be. That is where he mounted a wheel driven air compressor. I believe it was from a late 1970's Volvo. He just simply made a bracket to mount it and be powered by the belt that used to run on the air compressor. The air compressor puts the air back into the 2 air tanks. He does use air input pressure regulators so that the air does not go in so quickly, but the tanks remain filled, even at high rates of speed. His car has no fuel tank or fuel gages or anything that has to do with the fuel system. No spark plugs. No coil or distributor cap or rotor. No AC. He took out the radiator and radiator water and coolant. He left the Transmission system in place and left the electrical fan in place as well for his transmission system. The Alternator works fine. His headlights work and everything. He drove this thing close to 500 miles and made it back to San Luis without any problems. One pointer: I noticed he installed a small fuel filter to keep moisture residue from entering his air tanks. Sometimes, when you use air compressors in gas stations, you will see water deposits coming out. In mexico these water deposits are not clean. sometimes they are brown or dark grey in clarity. Sometimes these deposits will rust out the inside of the tanks. I was impressed by it and I am looking forward to making one of my own. By the way, his car was a 4 cylinder Datsun. Early 90's model. There will be many naysayers out there that will not believe that this is possible, but it is. My father in law used to work in a air base and ran many air powered engines that were used to keep pneumatic tools running. Kept them running at 60 psi and the size of the pistons were about 12 inches in diameter. enormus engines. How is that possible??? Go figure people. Ever wonder how steam powered trains ever got to move tons and tons and tons of material. Well, before the steam powered trains were ever made... there were the 'Nay-Sayers". Never thought we would ever go to the moon either. There were also the nay-sayers. Now wev'e been to Mars. What do you think?? I think we can get there more effectively using a compressed air engine.... from the moon.

ACG

You know that big tank NASA uses on the Space Shuttle Liftoffs? We can use one of those. Or two. Heavy items in space are weightless... so there is no need to doubt that heavy objects can't be moved in space with something as simple as a small air tank or held by your very own hands.

Mr. Smog: There is an amusingly ignorant conspiracy theory that the United States moon landings didn't actually happen - they were all Hollywood special effects, filmed right here on the earth (which all right-thinking people know is flat).

Hi A C G I would like to learn more about your friend's car if I could ? Sounds like a good idea Thanks Wayne

I living in panama central america and i have real interest compressed air car , please any people cuold help me to get more especific information to cenvert one gasoline engine vehicle to air compressed engine vehicle
I need to change my engine?

This is all very interesting, but you are all quite mad, mad I tell you. We will all soon be dead due to global climate change, so inventing your little "air cars" will not serve you much purpose. Why not forget about it and just get on with your pathetic little lives, working and slaving for the benevolent multi-national corporations that so kindly provide you with the means to afford to buy a nice car and the petrol to go in it. Forget about fruitlessly trying to "think outside the square". That is for weirdos and creeps. Get back to work you lot.

Oh, and there is an Australian company who will release a production run compressed air car late next year. 3 carbon-firbe tanks, purpose built high-strength aluminium chassis and engine, 200klm range, 80kph top speed, 1 hour to refill by plugging into any power socket for about $2 worth of electricity. They are also working on a hybrid which will do 4000klms on one refill and travel at 100kph+. Damn fools.

1. anything that can be plugged into a three pronged electrical outlet can be plugged into a cigarette lighter or other device that could at the same time be generating power for multiple batteries in series, thereby generating heat through devices (i.e. Coils) to reheat the air for recharging the air canister.
2. Revolving canisters that provide thrust while 2 actually work. 2 or 4 or 6 or 8 etc. would stay in a state of recharging. One set drains its supply rotates the next pair in, the drained set goes into stasis to recharge, the more canisters the better the longevity of the power source, and not necessarily weight or size with all sorts of new combination metals out there and methods to build them. Simple air canisters with a trust valve which could easily become the refill regulators. It should work. Simple and easy to use. Somebody try it with more expertise than me

hello,i need some information about compressed air car.

this is suresh.c.i am a student of mechanical engineering.i wanted to take up the compressed air engine as my project.can u please help me more information.

If you could say that it the hybrid car was patented on one day, what would that day be? And what do you think about Hydrogen Fuel Cell Cars?

A C G:

Do you have an email address I could use to ask you a few questions? Thanks, Rod

Air-Electric Cars are the future!
Ultimately, the electric will derive from wind, or solar energy, with the solar 'paneling' incorporated as a body surface!
I believe the best electric development to be "Wavecrests" "All Wheel" motor- generator system, and it should be combined with a pneumatic system similar to that of the French "MDI", or the Korean "PHEV".
Ergo: the perfect 'GREEN CAR'.

with pneumatics a car can be saved from potholes, the pneumatic system could make it so that the car would have a kind of bounce system to prevent the hard smack when going over the pothole

This concept works exactly like those AIR HOGS Air powered airplane toys, if you've ever seen them. A child pumps the air in on a seperate "dock," then spins the propeller (which gets a tiny piston to reciprocate within a cylinder that turns the propeller), and then throws it. The airplane toy flies for about a minute, until the air runs out and it lands (or crashes). Then the child just pumps air into it again, and can keep going. I know this because I used to fly these things when I was a kid, and I loved them.

If this technology sound interesting, you might want to stop buy your nearest "TOYS R US" or similar, and take a look at one of these toys.

fly wheel power by compress air to run car?

F. Sobkow, what energy source are you using to compress the air that you use to generate AC/DC? Are you using a piston-type compresseor or a turbine-type compresser? And are you using the compressed air to drive a piston or turbine device to rotate your AC/DC generator?

F. Sobkow, your response "the unit used a turbine-style power plant compressed air contolled." does not tell us anything. Is your "turbine-style power plant" compressing the air or is it being driven by compressed air? If your "turbine-style power plant" is compressing the air, what is is the source of energy or fuel for the turbine? If your "turbine-style power plant" is driven by compressed air, what is the energy source for compressing the air?

Or are you trying to tell us that your device compresses the air, and uses the compressed air to spin a turbine, and uses the turbine to generate electricity, and uses the electricity to compress the air? Congratulations - you've just invented a perpetual motion machine! Don't you know those things are illegal?

F. Sobkow, how much energy is used to pressurize / fill your "prefilled compressed cylnder"? Are you including that amount of energy in your energy budget?

So you claim your device "does generate more (energy) than (it) consumes" - right? That certainly sounds like a perpetual motion machine. My only question is are you just scamming yourself, or are you trying to scam others?

F. Sobkow, patent attorneys and other scam artists who prey on inventors _love_ folks like you, who think they have invented a device that "does generate more (energy) than (it) consumes." They'll take all the money you can throw at them, and after all the money is gone, they may tell you that the laws of physics prohibit perpetual motion machines. See, for instance, the Wikipedia article at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_perpetual_motion_machines.

F. Sobkow, are you now claiming that your device "does NOT generate more (energy) than (it) consumes"? If that's true, then I withdraw my opinion that it's a perpetual motion machine.

Maybe air compressors could be a could way to build hybrids, since in this case too one could store the energy used to slow down by refillign the tanks. A tank with compressed air is fairly light, a compressor drivven by one of the driveshafts of the car should technically also be relatively simple. Ist there anyone who has thought of that as aftermarket systems that could be installed on conventional cars? Possibly such asystem could then be used for stop and go traffic where most of the pollution occurs

i would like to see a compressed air riding lawn mower. That would allow someone to work out the kinks in the technology - if it is viable.

I seem to remember a weekly science reader artical in grade school, talking about using regenerative braking to compress air for use in buses. When stopping at a bus stop it would compress air into cylinders and then use the compressed air to accelerate back up to speed. I think it was in Austrailia. That must've been around the early 70' (1970's thank you!)

JD, we "thought about it" in March 2005, the last time you made this claim (in this thread - look above) and we all thought the same thing: It's bogus. How many miles have you driven your air car since March 2005, and what are the statistics? How has it worked for you in the last year and a half?

THE GUY IN FRANCE HAS GOT THE AIR CAR GOING
I KNOW HOW TO BILD ONE .THE U.S. IS MISSING OUT BECUSE YOU ALL THINK ITS A JOKE.
ITS NOT HARD TO DO I JUST WANT TO BE A PART OF IT . I DONT WANT TO SCAME ANYONE.
I JUST WANT PEPOLE TO HAVE A CHANCE TO TRY IT . AND SAVE SOME MONEY.

LET ME KNOW HOW TO GET IN TUCH WITH YOU AND I WILL TELL YOU EVERYTHING

Just for the record, JD hasn't replied to me yet. Possibly his spell-checker stalled...

This is for jd. This is the best idea that has come down the pike yet! I have been interested since I heard an interview on KDKA radio in the 70's.
Any info you could give me would be greatly apriciated. DG

Its interesting... I also believe the goverment and oil company's control a large portion of why we do not see more build up of idea's like this. You would surely think with all the brains out there and the funding if were available they could come up with something this day in age that would make oil completly obsolete. It just comes down to money... If you told everyone in the world that they had a year to stop using gas cars and come up with a better way or the world would say... blow up then you must surely believe they would take on the task and complete it. The PROBLEM is money and who controls it and the idea of time. Few people care about a problem that will surely not effect their life time, so as long as they escape this world before any major problem would arise they feel fine to do as they have always done. So unless somebody incredibly rich or people unite to ever fix the problem it will never be fixed until it is to late or things become incredibly bad to the point of no repair for our planet.
A final thought... Momentum could be used as a source of power. I'm not incredibly smart but I can put some theory into it. Why could the wheels of a car which are already being forced to spin not become some form of a power source such as a turbine to produce a power for the car. Why cant it be one big circle of power. The wheels spin which produces the power needed to project the car forwards? You would surely still need a battle ground of batteries to help out. Though i'm not completly sure of the ins and outs of it all. It seems plossible that this could help some of the potential problems of were the energy comes from with out distorting the power of accelerating the car if the correct technology was used.

It's been over a month, and JD still hasn't gotten back to me. (see above)

I think this is called Hybrid technology. But the "classic" MDI car is a mono energy.
I am still curious to know why Mr Negre is not selling more compressed air cars. In 2000 he had already 200 customers on his waiting list. Was the safety a problem? I don't think so. His car in running on a pressure of 300 bars. This is quite high but GM uses 700 bars on their hydrogen car. (The Chevrolet Sequel has 3 cylinders holding 4.2 kg of hydrogen at 700 bars for its fuel cells).
For your information, here are the specs. I think this is for the City-CAT's model . I added an english translation including units equivalents.

· Véhicule mono-énergie air - cylindrée: 566 cm3
(223 cu. in. air engine, 4-cyl, laying flat, air only)
.
· Puissance maxi : 25 CV CEE (18 kW CEE) à 3500 tr/min
(max. power: 25 hp @ 3500 rpm)
.
· Couple maxi : 6,3 kg.m CEE (61,7 N.m CEE) à 800 - 3000 tr/mn
(max torque:45.5 ft-lb from 800 to 3000 rpm)
.
· Vitesse maxi :110 km/h
(max speed: 68 mph)
.
· Autonomie en cycle urbain: environ 10 heures soit 200 km
(range for city driving: 125 miles or about 10 hrs)
.
· Autonomie à 60 km/h : 240 km
(range at 40 mph: 150 miles)
.
· Coût d'utilisation : 5 francs pour 100 km compresseur embarqué
(cost, using the onboard compressor: 25¢ for 60 miles)
.
· Puissance électrique de charge 5 kVA soit 5,5 kW
(charging power requied: 5,5 kw)
.
· Poids: environ 700 kg
(weight: 1500 pounds)
.
· Modèles: taxi, pick-up, monospace familial, fourgonnette

· Charge utile: 450kg de marchandises ou 4 personnes + chauffeur
(can carry 1000 pounds or 4 passengers plus driver)
.
· Prix moyen: 62'000 FHT
(Mean price based on 4 different models: aprx 15000$ before tax)

TAKEN FROM:
.
A. VE Axel Vicq - 51, avenue de la République F- 17210 Montlieu la Garde
Tél.:05 46 04 3 392, Fax: 05 46 01 56 85, E-mail: ave.media@ wanadoo.fr

I noticed that specs seem to change from one source to another.
.
If you read french you can check for yourself in Science et Vie no, 969, June 98, page 130, article "Le moteur zero pollution" by Catherine Cousin or in the dayly LaPresse (Montreal) October 18, 2004, L'Auto, page 7 , article "Roulez a l'air comprime" by Rene Fagnan.
.
By the way, MDI has overcome the lack of efficiency of air engines by alowing air to expand differently. For more details you can check us pat. no 6,334,435 B1 issued jan. 1 2002 at http://www.uspto.gov/patft/

Denis

Colibri,
You're asking some of the good questions.
The compressed air car is a complete farce.
They conveniently miss or misrepresent several facts whenever the charletans talk about them.
- the fact that energy is required to compress air is often omitted or dismissed. In reality, air compression is highly inefficient because of the heat generated (remember PV=nRT from high school chemistry)
- you're definitely right about the safety issues. It takes a tough container to safely carry enough compressed air to do very much work.
- the issue you missed is how much energy can you carry onboard a car. Compressed air has very low specific energy and energy density (ie you're not going to go very far on a tank of it). I seem to recall that it is slightly better than a metal spring but not much. Batteries and gasoline/air are hundreds of times better (gasoline/air is about 10 times better than batteries). This means you can travel hundreds of times further on a tank of gasoline than a tank of compressed air with the same weight.

Batteries can be charged very efficiently (about 10% loss). Probably the best way to get an understanding about efficiency of an alternative energy/propulsion scheme is to look at how much waste heat is produced. Steam can be a pretty good way to extract the energy from a fuel, however, it's tough to use in a mobile environment (hence diesel locomotives replaced even closed-cycle steam ones)

Hey Everyone, It's Jd The Guy You All Talk About .
I Sent Paul A E-mail Telling All . The Reson I Havent Got On For A Wile . For Some Reason . I Could Not Get On The Site .
I Like This New Site It Is Diffrent From The One We Started With..
In 95 I Think,
But I Sent Paul An E-mail 3 Day's Ago Telling how My Idea Works.
How To Make One And I Sent Him A Pic Of My First Idea Of It ..
If He Wants To Tell You All That It Dont Work Now ..
I Dont Know What To Tell You ... Im Watting For An Ancwer From Him .. When I Get It . I Will Know If Im Going To Tell All Of You . Or
See If Hybrid Wants To Make Me An Offer . If Not I Will Tell You How It Is Done So If You Want To Find Out Keep In Toudh And Wee Will See What Happends..
Most Of The Time He Get's Right Back With Me But . I Think He Is Talking It Over With Some Higher Power..
But I Want To Thank All Of You That Are On My Side Im Trying To Do Everything I Can To Save You Some Money..
Till Then ... Thanks ......jd

I have read almost all of your ideas so far and find them very interresting. I am trying to design an air assisted bicycle for fun. I hope 4-20oz paintball tainks can give me a range of about 1 hour if I assist. There is a compressor from Air America that produces 4500 psi for about $550 USD. The tanks are about $100 each. As for the rest, I will price eventually. I figure attaching a hydraulic cylinder to the left pedal for propulsion. A 1 square inch average cylinder will give me about the same amount of push as pressure released from the tank(30 psi=30 pounds down on pedal). with a stroke of 20inches, this is about (30psi*20cu in/15psi(atmospheric pressure)) 40 cu inches of atmospheric air volume per half rotation of front sproket. A cylinder holds 36cu inches(20oz) @ 4500 psi(36*4500/15psi) =10800*4 tanks=43200cu in atmospheric air.
Now for more numbers: 40 cu in(half rotation) * 2 = 80. 1 rotation per second = 60 rpm *80 = 4800. 43200(total reserve)/4800= 9 minutes of power assist.
I think I need bigger tanks.

:mad: I am so sick of hearing that. It is getting electric power but what is easier to control???? 200 million cars and a few hundred power plants???????????? Not to mention that coal plants have reduced emissions yet have greatly increased output. It would reduce city pollution while improving air quality. Those millions of uncontrol emission cars won't do that. No, it's not a perfect solution YET!! but it's a great improvement. :)

please explaine how did you make car on air,thank you

I would like info on converting package for a car. or where these car are on marketing. I find a lot of talk about this type of car

Here's an update on the compressed air car. Looks promising, check it out:

http://www.flixxy.com/zero-pollution-automobile.htm

go enviorment these cars rock i want one please

I`M DOING A PROJECT ON AN AIR POWERED TOY CAR "PNEUMATIC".THE SOURCE OF AIR IS TO BE A PRESSURISED 2L PLASTIC BOTTLE AT 3,5 Bar, IT IS TO MOVE A DISTANCE OF 6m & START UNAIDED..HOW CAN I UTILISE ALL THE AIR FROM THE BOTTLE & MAKE IT COVER THE DISTANCE? IM DOING FIRST YEAAR AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING IN SOUTH AFRICA

I am very interested in the future of these cars. This seems like a fascinating story to follow into the future. I would really like to see some of these cars on the road in the United States. Apparently, there is a "hybrid" version that uses air, and when the air is gone, gasoline takes over while an on-board compressor refills the air tank. This model would be quite effective at the outset when there are few air refilling stations on the roads. If I could find one of those, I would snap it up!

Another way of building such a vehicle would be a plug in compressed air + electric hybrid. The way it could work would be that when the vehicle is charging (on 110/220 v) besides charging a battery or two an electric motor would power a multistage piston compressor which would be cooled by standard auto antifreeze solution. The heat of compression would be transferred by the antifreeze to an insulated tank containing paraffin or a eutectic salt solution. The air tank(s) and compressor would also be insulated to minimize heat loss.
When the vehicle is running the compressor becomes a multistage expansion engine-similar to a triple expansion steam engine. It would use the stored heat to reheat the expanding air.
It could also use the waste heat from a small gasoline engine to boost the power and range of the compressed air engine. It is cogeneration, using most of the energy in the gasoline. A compressed air piston engine does not need a transmission and it would be great for regenerative braking. The power from the gasoline engine can be used to power the electrical systems of the car and some electric vehicle capability as well. This would use fewer electric batteries than an electric or hybrid vehicle. It might be better for trucks and buses than it would be for cars.

New Aerodynamic propulsion systems:
Citation: Propulsion systems out of Selective metamterials phase conjugated in between positive and negative refractive index by frequency selective electromagnetic resonance may accumulate energy storage clockwise anticlockwise spiral vortices that may be used to propel a aerodynamic space vehicles has been evaluated by CRERC/C.I.T Project coordinator Sankaravelayudhan Nandakumar of new energy research center formed as guided by Chairman Krishnanpillai. Near the resonant frequencies the induced polarisation will become very large. A combination of circular and linear polarisation repetitions may induce faster reactions in these materials and possible fast combustion system could be induced
This new material of frequency varied vaporization could frequency phase conjugated to produce an amplified energy gain a part of Bernoulli theorem applications in 45 degree converging nozzles.
A sound wave represents an adiabatic pressure change progressing periodically in space and time. In water, as a result of the density maximum at 4ºC, the simultaneously appearing temperature wave is very small in magnitude compared to the pressure wave. Thus, in the present case essentially we have to consider only the effect of the pressure change on the chemical equilibrium. A chemical equilibrium is always pressure-dependent whenever the reaction partners (in equilibrium with each other) differ in volume. When this is the case, a pressure change will induce a chemical excess reaction which takes place at a finite rate and leads to adaptation to the particular equilibrium state concerned. If the periodic pressure change takes place very rapidly in relation to the chemical reaction, the system will practically not "notice" these changes: the rapid positive and negative disturbances average out before the onset of
any appreciable reaction.
On the other hand, if the pressure change takes place very slowly compared to the chemical reaction, the system follows these changes with practically no lag. The sound then merely propagates at a slightly lower velocity, for the compressibility of the medium contains a contribution from the state of the chemical equilibrium (cf. Fig. 1b). Now, the interesting case is that in which the rate of re-establishment of equilibrium is comparable to the rate of the pressure change (i. e. when the time constant for the establishment of chemical equilibrium is of the same order of magnitude as the period of the acoustic wave). In this case the system tries to adapt continuously to the pressure change but does not quite succeed, so that it lags behind the pressure change by a finite phase difference. The chemical state is characterized by the concentrations of the reaction partners or the reaction variable. Because of the finite volume difference between the reaction partners in equilibrium, a volume increment characteristic of the chemical change follows the pressure change with a certain phase lag. In all fields of physics where there is this kind of phase difference between "conjugate" variables there is a transfer of energy (in this case a reduction in the amplitude of the sound waves.
For a finite phase difference, the integral JPdVis different for the compression and dilatation periods. It was very quickly found that the absorption could not be caused solely by the interaction between the Mg2+ and SO4 2- ions and the water, for neither magnesium chloride nor sodium sulphate dissolved on their own produced comparable effects. On the other hand, neither could a simple inter-ionic interaction be the explanation, either in terms of the Debye- Hückel ion clouds, for which we would expect a broad continuum of absorption at high frequenciesII, or in terms of ionic association as described by Nernst12a or Bjerrum12b, which should give a single absorption maximum. In short, it appeared that there was an interaction between magnesium ions, sulphate ions, and water molecules in the form of a sequence of linked reactions.
This ionic fast reactions could be used in Xenondiflouride-bismauth metamateril a vaporising sytems that can be generated in converging nozzles.Structure of a tapered fiber consisting of an SBS generator and an SBS amplifier connected with a taper structure.
Beam propagation of incident beam in the taper region of a tapered fiber.
power reflectivity in the amplifier part, meaning the large-diameter part of the fiber. So far, the damage problem of the fiber will be released by a factor of 25. This type of fiber showed a dynamic range of 1:260, and so far it can be used over a range of 1:200 with very high reflectivity above 90% as shown in Fig. 2.26. The measured fidelity was above 90% over the whole dynamic range. Because of the short length of this tapered fiber below 1 m, the polarization of the incident light was conserved for the reflected light. Therefore, this type of optical phase conjugator can be used in double-pass amplifier schemes using a polarizing element to take out the phase conjugated SBS signal after the second pass through the amplifier system.
The oscillator emits a low-energy beam with a diffraction-limited quality. It is then amplified by the gain medium operating in a double-pass configuration. Due to the conjugate mirror, the returned beam is compensated for any aberrations due to the high-gain laser amplifier. A diffraction-limited beam is extracted by 908 polarization rotation. So, according to these remarkable properties, it is expected that we can realize a new class of high-power and high-brightness phase conjugate lasers delivering a beam quality that fits the requirements for scientific and industrial applications.
The two main laser architectures involving a phase conjugate mirror for correction of the aberrations due to thermal effects in the gain medium. (a) Laser oscillator with intracavity phase conjugate mirror and (b) master-oscillator power amplifier with a phase conjugate mirror. capability of aberration compensation was also shown in the earliest research works on Fourier optics and holography. Kogelnik [2] had already demonstrated that static aberrations can be compensated by using conventional holographic recording. After processing of the photographic media and proper readout of the hologram, it generated the backward conjugate wave for a clear image restoration through a distorting media. The analogy of phase conjugation with dynamic holography was then outlined by Yariv [3] and in early experiments with photorefractive crystals [4], and it contributed to extend the field of applications, thus including parallel image processing, optical correlation for pattern recognition, holographic interferometry for non destructive testing, incoherent to coherent image conversion, novelty filters for moving object detection .
Optical phase conjugation is now established as a domain of nonlinear optics, and further noticeable advances are expected due to the interest in the development of high-energy or high average power laser sources. The concept of phase conjugation permits the restoration of a beam whose quality is close to the diffraction limit whatever the phase aberrations present on the optical path of the laser beam.
Moreover, this property is maintained even when changing the laser pulse energy or pulse repetition rate. This permits the attainment of a great flexibility in the operating conditions of the source for adjusting its characteristics to the requirements of the applications. Also, another very important property of phase conjugation is the capability of combining and phase locking of several laser
Near the resonant frequencies the induced polarisation will become very large. A combination of circular and linear polarisation repetitions may induce faster reactions in these materials and possible fast combustion system could be induced.
These metamaterials under an increase and decrease in frequency with circular and linear propulsion repetitions .When the frequency of the incident wave in slightly increased ,the applied electricfield will be out of phase wit respect to induced polarisation.as a result exhibiting a negative permittivity as a result ,the electromagnetic field will exert a repulsive force on the material Such resonances occur only GigaHetz range. Using a piece of quantum electronics known as a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID), which is extraordinarily sensitive to magnetic fields this may be possible. A superconducting circuit in which the SQUID effectively acted as a mirror. Passing a magnetic field through the SQUID moved the mirror slightly, and switching the direction of magnetic field several billion times per second caused it to 'wiggle' at around 5% the speed of light, a speed great enough to see the effect. The frequency of the photons was roughly half the frequency at which they wiggled the mirror -- as was predicted by quantum theory.
Cold atoms have long wavelengths, which make their interference patterns easier to observe.) We can split a beam of the atoms using thin barriers of pure laser light. When the two beams were combined, they created the familiar double-slit interference patterns circular and linear wave combinations. The atoms going down one path were left alone, but those on the other path were nudged into a higher energy state by a pulse of microwaves (short wavelength radio waves). Following this treatment, the atoms, in their internal states, carried could be controlled by John Pendry N.R.I.method of phase conjugation laser simulations

Material with xenon diflouride-bismuth-gold-silver-aluminium combinations can induced faste phase conjugation reactions that may exert a magnified force.
Sankravelayudhan Nandakumar,Reired Chief Engineer on behalf of Hubble research committee ,N.I.S.T and JILA ,project Coordinator,CRERC/C.I.T.
1) Citation :All the planetary boundary emissions forming a cluster of feedback system act along Equi-frequency surface forming a pointing vector to simulate the humangenes act as a timer along the reversible time [Incident: 110618-000034]news@nature.com
2) Citation: Phase conjugation by reversible tracking mirror –a future photography along the plane of space signal holograms and Neuron memory acting as a timer deciding the fate of humanbeings: [Incident: 110617-000010] news@nature.com

Main references:
1)Generation of cross-polarized photon pairs in a microstructure fiber with frequency-conjugate laser pump pulses:
. Fan and A. Migdall Optical Technology Division
National Institute of Standards and Technology
100 Bureau Drive, Mail Stop 8441, Gaithersburg. MD 20899-8441Jfan@nist.gov

2)Immeseasurable fast reactionsthat could be obtained with refrence to in crease in magnesium sulphate or magnesium chloride by Manfred Eigen for biomedical applications

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